Divorce and Christianity Essay - 552 Words

Screams fill the room to a point of no return, as the walls hold back the fierce fighting between the two. A young boy sits shaking in the corner not knowing what to do, or where to go as he watches the battle continue to fire, hoping this battle does not reach the point of no return. As the little boy watches on only imaging his memories of the last and hoping for the end, suddenly a loud bang fills the house and the little boy notices his father is gone once again. This same tragedy happens in many Christian homes across the world as many parents argue until the point of violence. However, should a couple stay truthful to their commitment to their partner, community, and their religion or should they sin in there yearn for happiness?†¦show more content†¦In the Christian religion, there are two basic laws allowing divorce without the commitment of sin, infidelity and marriage to a nonbeliever whom has abandoned the commitment. However, in today’s society divorce has become a very common thing, as people decide to split part in their many marital dissolutions, and only one of these are considered to be a top five reasons why married couples actually divorce. Furthermore, infidelity or parting upon religious conversions only take upon circumstances of high sin in the views of the Christian God, rather than depicting compelling rational views that affect couples in everyday life. I believe that divorce is derived from many different reasons that may be controllable and uncontrollable. Although I do not believe, divorce is the only options for a couple I think they should weigh their options very clearly for a lengthened period to make sure that they have not made a mistake. I also believe that Christian laws for divorce are very detrimental, they do not allow for many other reason that cause divorce. Furthermore, I believe that one can only be held accountable for their own actions and that is why marriage is depicted off faith. However, I think Christianity should broaden their thoughts on divorce, as I do not believe that God would command that his followers live an unhappy life. In conclusion, the Christian religion takes in very few accounts for the many motives leading to divorce without theShow MoreRelatedMarriage And Divorce : Christianity And Islam1241 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage and Divorce According to The First Letter of St. Paul to the Corinthians, marriage and divorce are two concepts of life that are sentimental to the entire nature and progress of human life. Whereas in The Koran, marriage is something that is done for the fulfillment of what God intended for man to do in the world. In both religions, which is Christianity and Islam, marriage is an acceptance that has to be done, but under a will from the humanity. Both Christianity and Islam practice marriageRead More Cause and Effect Essay - Christianity Causes Divorce727 Words   |  3 PagesCause and Effect Essay - Christianity Causes Divorce â€Å"Bible Belt Couples ‘Put Asunder’ More,† the New York Times proclaimed on May 21 of this year: â€Å"The divorce rate in many parts of the Bible Belt is roughly 50% above the national average.† So much for the notion that secularism is to blame for the decline of traditional families, among other frequently lamented social ills. Apparently, in a least a few states, the divorce rate correlates to an excess of piety, not the absence of it. WhatRead MoreChristianity And Buddhism : A Nation Of Many Religions Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagesin their life, so they relay themselves on religion. Christianity and Buddhism are two ancient religions which both have being on earth for a long time. Both religions are based on the teachings of one man. Moreover, they have many similarities as well as differences. 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This natural progression might be thought of as the stair steps to truth, but whose truth is the real question we need to answer, and I can assure you that it cannot be answered in a mere 8 pages. Disregard you’reRead MoreStaying in a Bad Marriage967 Words   |  4 Pagesmarriages, researcher Critelli (2012) provides one main factor that explains why many women stay in those marriages. This factor is based upon different religions, leadership obligations, and the interpretat ions of these particular religions. Christianity is a well-known religion that often includes various denominations. Four denominations that will be discussed within this paper are Catholic, Orthodox, Lutheran, and Methodist. These denominations have a wide range of approaches in relation toRead MoreConstantine And Empress Helen Their Impact On Christianity1479 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Constantine and Empress Helena: Their Impact on Christianity -Who was Constantine?: Constantine was believed to be born on February 22, either in 272 or 273 AD. The exact date and year is not definite. He was the son of Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus (mainly known as Constantius Chlorus) and Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta (mainly known as Saint Helena). His father was an officer of the army, and his mother was an inn keeper’s daughter. His father later divorced his motherRead MoreMedea As A Good Moral Life856 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar to the ancient Judism and early Christianity. In ancient Greece, marriage was supposed to be monogamous and was for procreation. There were very few exceptions to this law. Marriage laws in ancient were simple. â€Å"Women became legal wards of their husbands†. (Martin) â€Å"The man needed to keep her dowry in tack in case of divorce†. (Martin) Divorcing one mate was simple and common. Divorce was more a means of power, rather than law. (Martin) Divorce had little stigma that wa s later institutionalizedRead MoreThree Main Religions in the Continent of Asia907 Words   |  4 Pagesrituals and ceremonies involved in Jewish religious practice. The main Jewish symbols are, the Star of David, and, the Menorah. Womens role is very limited in Southwest Asia. Women were rarely in the forefront of public life. A wife could never divorce her husband but she could be divorced by her husband. Women were less important than men during biblical times, however, men had to give women clothes, food, and sexual interactions. Women prayed separately from men because women used to not be able

What It Means to Be a Blackbelt Free Essays

Ryan Cloninger Denver Tae Kwon Do Mr. Putnam November 8, 2009 What a Black Belt Means to Me When I was thirteen I started taking Tae Kwon Do. I wanted to learn how to fight and break boards. We will write a custom essay sample on What It Means to Be a Blackbelt or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have come a long way since my first Tae Kwon Do class. As a candidate for black belt rank, I now have a different perspective of Tae Kwon Do, and different motivation for attending each class. To me a black belt consist of displaying great character, becoming a leader, and reaching your goals, and understanding the history of Tae Kwon Do. To become a true black belt, you have to look back and remember the men who started Tae Kwon Do, and understand their history. Tae Kwon Do means the way of the fist and foot. In Tae Kwon Do you are empty handed. When empty handed you must use your hands and feet. In the early times Korean men used their hands and feet as weapons. Koreans used Tae Kwon Do for self-defense when invaders came to savage their village. Men died fighting to protect their loved ones and their homes. What once was a military form of fighting soon became a way of life for the Koreans. The history of Tae Kwon Do has taught me that becoming a black is not about what color material you receive. Tae Kwon Do black belts never quit. They work hard to achieve goals, even when the journey is difficult. I have learned to never retreat in life, and that victory is the goal. Becoming a black belt has always been a goal of mine. The respect and honor you gain from becoming a black belt is priceless. Knowing you worked hard for a black belt makes your accomplishment so much better. I have been taking Tae Kwon Do for over four years and am yet to have earned my black belt. The school I train under believes in working hard for the rank of black belt, and this can take a very long time. I believe the long road will make the destination that much more rewarding. Another goal I have is to attend college at Clemson University, after graduating high school. After college I hope to be a professional chef. My goals of going to college to become a chef have been with me ever since I can remember. Growing up around my grandparents who were always cooking got me interested in becoming a chef. Tae Kwon Do has taught me to stay in pursuit of this goal. In order to be the best college student and the best chef, I know I need to be a leader and not a follower. During the Tae Kwon Do summer camps I had a chance to practice my leadership skills. My instructor, Mr. Cloninger, allowed me to teach the Tae Kwon Do classes to work on and critique my leadership skills. Instructing the students really helped me correct my own mistakes in technique and forms. As I have grown through the ranks, my instructor has allowed me to instruct the classes. Instructing is another way of learning. If you cannot teach the material you truly do not understand it yourself. This is required to perfect your material, as I learned from personal experience. I believe my instructor, Mr. Cloninger, is an example of a great leader. He pushes me to my limit and beyond. He makes me a better person, better in the karate school, and in the community. Mr. Cloninger is dependable, hardworking, and possesses many great character qualities. Displaying good character is essential for being a great leader and a great black belt. Positive characteristics, such as respect for others, self-control, obedience, and humbleness, are the building blocks of a well-trained black belt. Respect is always important when training. Respect is earned. It is not simply given to you. You must work hard and be respectful to your instructor. Self-control is an important characteristic to have, not only in martial arts, but also in life. Self-control is harnessing your actions and emotions. When in training all emotions must leave the room. Your mind should be set on your material and goals. Self-control also applies in every day life, whether it is when you are driving down the road and some one cuts you off, or when your peers upset you at school. Obedience is another attribute a black belt must have. Whether it be listening to my parents or my instructor, I need to be able to listen and follow through when something is asked of me. Black belts are portrayed as people that can be trusted, doing what they are told and doing it the first time. Obedience comes easier when you have respect for others and self-control of your own wants and desires. A true black belt should be humbled in his achievement of his rank. Black belts should have respect for the art and not use their rank to show off, bully, or be intimidating. Black belts should not to be portrayed as cocky, arrogant or boastful. This is not being a good leader or representative of martial arts. I continually try to implement respect, self-control, obedience, and other positive characteristics into my life. These characteristics help me learn in school, train in Tae Kwon Do, and be a good member of my family. I am grateful and honored that I was given the chance to test for my black belt. I received the best training from Mr. Putnam and Mr. Cloninger. These great leaders have taught me to stay strong and to work hard for my goals. If I receive the rank of black belt, one of my many goals will have been accomplished. My journey to becoming a black belt has taught me to display great character, build my leadership skills, reach my goals, and understand the meaning behind Tae Kwon Do. I look forward to continuing my Tae Kwon Do journey for many years to come. How to cite What It Means to Be a Blackbelt, Papers

Information Systems Research for Social Media Use-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInformation Systems Research for Social Media Use. Answer: Effectiveness and usefulness of the learning experience After completion of the assignments, I have realized that, in todays life, the advancement of technology is playing an integral part in the business sector. In this scenario, the social networking websites are becoming a specific medium that enhances the general awareness relating to the social and political issues and it handles various demonstrations to the public. In todays world, there are ample of social media websites that provides huge opportunity to business organizations to get connected with numerous clients scattered all over the globe (Fotis, Buhalis and Rossides 2012). The effectiveness of this learning lies on the potential merits of the social media platforms regarding enhancing sales and the overall reputation of the organizations. In my opinion, the importance of this learning lies on the fact that, in this way the original impact of the social media websites on the business sector can be analyzed and the general understanding of the advantages of social media on the business sector would be enhanced. How this learning process will be useful to the readers In my opinion, this learning experience would serve the purpose of shedding light on a general issue of life and that is the importance of social media websites on the business sector. I do not think that this learning is any ways about any kind of course, program or future career. This learning can only let the readers know about the usage of social media in business sector and the merits and demerits of using social media websites in business sector (Trainor et al. 2014). I guess that applying or transferring the learning that can be acquired by the previous assignments can easily be transferred or implemented by using social media websites with caution regarding business issues and by increasing the general awareness of this issue (Fotis, Buhalis and Rossides 2012). What happened in the learning process In the process of learning, I have gathered some knowledge regarding the usage of social media websites in the business sector, as it can be said that, I have gathered knowledge regarding how social media websites can be used as a significant tool for marketing purposes and for the future development of the business organizations (Fotis, Buhalis and Rossides 2012). Apart from that in this learning process I have learnt what are the basic advantages and disadvantages of using social media as a tool for the growth of the organization and it has also become a fact that in some cases social media leads the organization in various adverse situations where the reputation of that specific organization gets done and dusted. Evaluation of what I have learnt In the learning process, while doing the business research, primary and secondary sources were taken to collect the data, aiming to develop a better understanding of the various aspects of this research. For the completion of the research work the data were analysed in an appropriate manner making an action plan to notice various activities related to the research program. Thus in my opinion, the learning process was brilliant and the objectives behind the learning has been rightly met and in the concluding part all the raised questions were answered and thus it can surely be said that the learning method was immensely successful (Trainor et al. 2014). Explaining my learning process Within the learning process I have seen that social media websites are an integral part of doing business and it is also a matter of fact that using social media websites in business setor can often bring in various adverse situations that affects the reputation or the profitability of that business organization (Fotis, Buhalis and Rossides 2012). Within the learning process, I noticed that various questions regarding this issue can be raised and the most important questions among those are that are, the important usage of social media websites in business organizations and the things that are to be analysed before using social media websites widely in the business organizations. on the other hand, it can also be said that social media websites can work as a effective tool to enhance the demand of the products the organization is trying to sell, and most importantly the negative impacts of social media in business sectors. After analysing all the data I came to an conclusion that, so cial networking sites are one of the most essential marketing tool for the further growth and development of the organizations (Trainor et al. 2014). Explaining Plan how this learning I will apply in future In future I will have to imply the learning I have acquired from this learning process for the betterment of the business organizations (Fotis, Buhalis and Rossides 2012). It is a matter of fact that social media can be used for various developmental works of business organizations and at the same time uncontrolled usage of social media can sometimes make the reputation and profitability of the organization crumble down to the ground (Aral, Dellarocas and Godes 2013). Thus it would be wise that the business leaders should think it through before using social media websites widely in their business organizations. If the business leaders control the usage of social media in their organizations then social media can become an important tool for marketing purposes and social media websites can improve the reputation of the organizations in an organized way. In todays world, the world can be seen as a global village due to the advancement of social media most of the population of the eart h are in a way interconnected and this can become the most important tool for the organizations to grow using social media website as a tool. Thus, it can surely be said that, I am a huge advocator of using social media websites for the growth and developmental purposes of the business organizations and the business leaders must use this tool with proper caution so that their business does not get harmed (Trainor et al. 2014). References Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. and Godes, D., 2013. Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), pp.3-13. Fotis, J., Buhalis, D. and Rossides, N., 2012.Social media use and impact during the holiday travel planning process(pp. 13-24). Springer-Verlag. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Treem, J.W. and Leonardi, P.M., 2013. Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association.Annals of the International Communication Association,36(1), pp.143-189.

Insurance Analysis in Kenya Essay Example

Insurance Analysis in Kenya Essay Introduction Insurance in Kenya is known to have been in existence for over sixty years now with the first insurance companies believed to have been owned by British insurers during the colonial times. The industry is governed by the Insurance Act and regulated by the Insurance Regulatory Authority. The Insurance Regulatory Authority (IRA) was created by the Insurance (Amendment) Act of 2006 and came into operation on 1st May 2007. The Authority was established with the mandate of regulating, supervising and developing the insurance industry. Before the establishment of IRA, these functions were performed by the Department of Insurance in the Ministry of Finance. (IRA 2010) As per AKI Insurance Industry Report for the year 2009, there were 44 licensed insurance companies, majority offering non-life insurance business only, nine of them life insurance business while fifteen were composite (both life and non life). There were 137 licensed insurance brokers, 21 medical insurance providers (MIP’s) and 3,076 insurance agents. Other licensed players included 106 investigators, 57 motor assessors, 18 loss adjusters, 2 claims settling agents, 5 risk managers and 26 insurance surveyors. The industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP is still low although there has been notable growth for the last seven years. The gross written premium by the industry was Kshs 64. 47 billion compared to Kshs 55. 19 billion in 2008, representing a growth of 16. 8 %. The gross written premium in non-life insurance was Kshs 43. 11 billion (2008: Kshs 36. 89 billion) while that from life insurance business was Kshs 21. 36 billion (2008: Kshs 18. 30). Non-life insurance premium grew by 16. 8 % while life insurance premium and contributions from deposit administration business grew by 16. %. The combined industry profit after taxation increased by 14. 4% to Kshs. 4. 29 billion compared to Kshs 3. 85 billion in 2008. In 2009 the industry paid Kshs. 20 billion for claims for general insurance business and as benefits to life policy holders. (AKI 2009) Penetration of insurance in the year 2009 was 2. 84% compared to 2. 63% in 2008. Life insurance recorded a penetration ratio o f 0. 94% (2008:0. 87%) while that of non-life insurance was 1. 90% (2008:1. 76%). Only half a million Kenyans, about 1% of the total population are said to have take up life insurance. We will write a custom essay sample on Insurance Analysis in Kenya specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Insurance Analysis in Kenya specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Insurance Analysis in Kenya specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Up to 80% of Kenyans have no insurance cover due to widespread poverty and a false belief that insurance covers are mainly for the rich. However, based on the recent industry statistics, there is an emerging trend that Kenyans are indeed sensitive to the need for protection against an uncertain risky future. According to Swiss Re (World Insurance Report2009), South Africa is the leading African country in the insurance industry, accounting for 90% of the total volume, followed by Morocco then Egypt. Growth in non life insurance business in Africa was sluggish at 0. 4%. The report pointed out that Africa produced only 1. 4% of the global premium volume in 2009. South Africa’s life insurance premium fell by 16%, premium Growth in Morocco remained flat at 0. 1%, while in Egypt premiums shrank by 5%. There are currently five major players in the insurance industry in Kenya. These include The Co-Operative Insurance Company of Kenya Ltd. (CIC), UAP Financial Services Ltd, APA, Jubil ee Insurance and Resolution Health East Africa. Majority of these insurers operate nationally with a few operating regionally. Some international insurers have entered the Kenyan market through mergers with already existing players. Two of the leading companies were formed through a merger between two existing insurance companies, for instance, APA was formed after a merger between Apollo and Pan-Africa General divisions. Others form partnerships with small insurance companies to cover non-traditional policies like political violence. Solutions need to be developed to address new risks. Insurers have finally recognized the growing needs of the Kenyan people. Agricultural insurance is one of the new policies designed for farmers located in the different parts of the country to shield them from financial loss caused by unfavourable weather conditions. The Cover is provided for livestock, specific crops and poultry losses. Payment of premiums is quick and easy for the farmers, premium payments are done through a specially designed mobile application and in the event of a loss, and farmers are paid through the same method. Medical insurance is divided into three segments, one health cover operated by employers, the second individual cover and the third coverage operated by the government targeting low income earners through the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF). Health insurers have raised concern about clients who view cover value as expensive as opposed to the benefits. That’s why insurers are coming up with affordable schemes. Medical e-cards that users top up, similar to prepaid airtime scratch cards, any member of the family can use the e-card as long it has money. Due to poor health infrastructure in the country, rural hospitals have inadequate facilities and are understaffed, thereby making people to travel to major city for treatment; this has also contributed to the rise in health insurance cost. Many insurers have shied away from HIVAIDs insurance because of the risks involved. Travel cover is currently being offered by only two insurers, one of them has partnered with Kenya’s main airline company to provide a package that covers loss of luggage, flight delays, cancellation, medical emergency and personal liability. The premium cost is based on traveller’s destination and length of stay. Claims are made online or when the client returns from their trip. The cover can be acquired when buying a ticket or through travel agents. Higher learning has become very expensive both for local and overseas universities, forcing parents to borrow heavily from banks to pay university fees. Education policy is definitely necessary for most parents who want their kids to get good education. The industry is definitely on the growth stage and most insurers are strengthening their market share by positioning themselves as affordable insurance providers offering new products for the untapped regions such as younger and older people. Industry analysis PESTE Political Economic Social Technological Political Factors The political violence experienced in 2007 resulted in major losses for businesses and individuals mainly because current insurance companies were not offering cover for such risks. The unrest has made insurers quickly come up policies to cover these risks. Motor insurance is reported to have doubled in the last six months; the government through the Insurance Regulatory Board has increased the premiums in a move to counter fraud and fake claims known to have forced over ten motor insurance companies to shutdown due to losses incurred through claims. Economic Factors High tax imposed on life and health insurance has made policies to be expensive and affordable to a small percentage of the population. The insurance industry is pushing for tax deductible premiums paid on life and health insurance to be tax deductible from chargeable income up to 30 percent of the gross income. Income Tax Act Cap 470, Section 19(5) and (6) Poverty and unemployment are still the biggest challenges facing the industry. With no source of income for many youth and women, the last thing that this demographic prioritize is insurance. This makes it very hard for the growth and development of the insurance companies because of the low number of clients which represents the few employed people who in turn can be able to pay for the insurance policies provided by the insurance companies. This situation is further compounded by the rise of HIV and AIDS which adversely affects the working class that forms a critical target group for insurance services. The rising levels of poverty and high cost of living has reduced disposable income hence relegating insurance matters to the back burner. This is as a result of people first meeting their basic needs first before considering other expenses, which include insurance policies. Perhaps the government can relax some of the strict regulations present for private investors to encourage investment both locally and internationally. This may increase the number of the insurance companies in the country allowing more space for competition thus in the long run lowering the costs of insurance policies to the advantage of the consumers. High inflation rates has increased operation costs , raised the cost of living and therefore, made it difficult for the citizens to be able to afford insurance policies due to the current turbulent economic conditions that has led to an increase in policy prices. Fraud / Corruption largely affect the development of the insurance sector in Kenya. It has undermined the economic development of the country by generating considerable distortions and inefficiency. This makes the companies to constantly perform poorly and thus calls for the introduction of anti money laundering which helps to curb the vice. Social Factors In order to boost penetration of insurance in Kenya, vigorous awareness campaigns should be used to educate people on the importance of insurance. Policy covers should be packaged with the end-user in mind, for example selling agricultural insurance cover to non-farmers is useless. Product development should be flexible to allow the ever changing needs of the dynamic insurance industry. oIncrease in lifestyle diseases – oIlliteracy levels spread Insurance knowledge and risk management to clients looking to reduce losses, advice clients how to manage their finances and how they can help minimize risks oInadequate health facilities Cultural values – harambee culture oDemographic changes oNegative perception on insurance, bad publicity fraud, fake claims Technological Factors Mobile phone use has eased the communication between clients and the insurance companies in the sense that if any of the two parties want to contact the other, it becomes very simple. Increase use of the Internet has enabled customers to access information, submit claims and compare policies from different providers. Environment †¢ Climatic changes †¢ Emergence of informal settlements. Legal †¢ Lengthy legislation process. †¢ Corruption and fraud. †¢ Lack of structured compensation scheme. Porters 5 Competitive Forces Analysis 1. Rivalry among existing players. The insurance industry is becoming highly competitive. The difference between one insurance company and another is usually not that great. As a result, insurance has become more like a commodity an area in which the insurance company with the low cost structure, greater efficiency and better customer service will beat out competitors. Insurance companies also use higher investment returns and a variety of insurance investment products to try to lure in customers. In the long run, were likely to see more consolidation in the insurance industry. Larger companies prefer to take over or merge with other companies rather than spend the money to market and advertise to people. 2. Threat of New Entrants. Mergers and strategic partnerships are on the rise to introduce products with low premium rates. While the industry leaders have already positioned themselves there are still untapped areas such as the youth and the older generation. Government requires all insurers to maintain a solvency margin of about USD 12,476, or 5 percent of assets in excess of liabilities. This might prevent new players from entering the market because of the high margins required 3. . Availability of Substitutes. Since the existing products in the market are similar, consumers will look for an affordable product to suit their needs. Some policies have many substitutes others have few for instance motor insurance is offered by most of the insurer while health is offered by a selected few. Most large insurance companies offer similar suites of services. Wh ether it is auto, home, commercial, health or life insurance, chances are there are competitors that can offer similar services. In some areas of insurance, however, the availability of substitutes is few and far between. Companies focusing on niche areas usually have a competitive advantage, but this advantage depends entirely on the size of the niche and on whether there are any barriers preventing other firms from entering. 5. Bargaining Power of Buyers. Individuals looking for a good cover obviously have a lower bargaining power compared to corporate customers. 6. Power of Suppliers. Foreign investors are starting to have an interest in this industry. Since insurance is still growing, existing experts in the industry tend to hop from one company to another looking for better pay

Macbeth Characters

'Macbeth' Characters The characters in Shakespeare’s Macbeth are, in large part, Scottish noblemen and thanes that Shakespeare lifted from Holinshed’s Chronicles. In the tragedy, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s ruthless ambition contrasts with the moral righteousness of King Duncan, Banquo, and Macduff. The Three Witches, evil characters at first glance, act both as agents and witnesses of fate, setting the actions in motion. Macbeth The thane of Glamis at the beginning of the play, Macbeth is the protagonist of the eponymous tragedy. He is initially presented as a Scottish nobleman and a valiant warrior, but his thirst for power and subsequent fear lead to his undoing. After he and Banquo listen to a prophecy delivered by the Three Witches, who proclaim him thane of Cawdor and, subsequently, king, he becomes corrupt. Macbeths wife persuades him to kill Duncan, the king of the Scots, during a visit to their castle in Inverness. He proceeds with the plan despite his doubts and fears and becomes king. However, his actions cause him to fall into a state of constant paranoia, to the point that he has his ally Banquo and MacDuffs family murdered. After seeking the witches advice, they tell him that no man â€Å"of woman born† will ever be able to slay him. He is eventually beheaded by Macduff, who was â€Å"from his mother’s womb untimely ripped.† Macbeth’s characterization can be described as anti-heroic: on one hand, he behaves like a ruthless tyrant, on the other, he does show remorse. Lady Macbeth Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth, is a driving force in the play. She first appears on stage reading a letter from her husband, who details the prophecy delivered by the witches predicting that he would become king of Scotland. She thinks her husband’s nature is â€Å"too full o the milk of human kindness† (act I, scene 5) and belittles his manhood. As a consequence, she pushes her husband to murder King Duncan and do whatever it takes to be crowned king of the Scots.   The deed leaves Macbeth so shaken that she has to take command, telling him how to lay out the crime scene and what to do with the daggers. Then, she mostly recedes as Macbeth turns into a paranoid tyrant, if not to remark to their guests that his hallucinations are nothing but a longtime ailment. However, in act V, she becomes unraveled, too, having succumbed to delusions, hallucinations, and sleepwalking. Eventually, she dies, presumably by suicide.   Banquo A foil to Macbeth, Banquo starts off as an ally- both are generals under King Duncan’s rule- and they meet the  Three Witches  together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. While Macbeth is enthralled by the prophecy, Banquo dismisses it, and, overall, displays a pious attitude- by praying to heaven for help, for example- as opposed to Macbeth’s attraction to darkness. After the king’s murder, Macbeth starts seeing Banquo as a threat to his kingdom and and has him killed.   Banquos ghost returns in a later scene, causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast, which Lady Macbeth chalks up to a long-term mental ailment. When Macbeth returns to the witches in act IV, they show him an apparition of eight kings all bearing a strong resemblance to Banquo, one of them holding a mirror. The scene carries deep significance: King James, on the throne when  Macbeth  was written, was believed to be a descendant from Banquo, separated from him by nine generations. Three Witches The Three Witches are the first characters to appear on stage, as they announce their agreement to meet with  Macbeth. Soon after, they greet Macbeth and his companion Banquo with a prophecy: that the former  shall be king, and the latter shall generate a line of kings. The witches prophecies have a great influence on Macbeth, who decides to usurp the throne of Scotland. Then, sought by Macbeth in act IV, the Witches follow Hecate’s orders and conjure visions for Macbeth that announce his impending demise, ending with a procession of kings bearing a strong resemblance to Banquo. Although during Shakespeare’s time witches were seen as worse than rebels, as political and spiritual traitors, in the play they’re amusing and confusing figures. It’s also unclear whether they control fate, or whether they are merely its agents. Macduff Macduff, the thane of Fife, also acts as a foil to Macbeth. He discovers the corpse of the murdered King Duncan in Macbeth’s castle and raises the alarm. He immediately suspects Macbeth of regicide, so he does not attend the crowning ceremony and instead flees to England to join Malcolm, King Duncan’s eldest son, to convince him to return to Scotland and reclaim the throne. Macbeth wants him murdered, but the hired assassins take his wife and his young children instead. Eventually, Macduff manages to slay Macbeth. Even though nobody â€Å"of woman born† could murder him, Macduff was actually born via caesarean section, which made him the exception to the witches’ prophecies. Duncan The King of Scotland, he symbolizes moral order within the play, whose values are destroyed and restored as the tragedy progresses. While trusting and generous in nature (his virtues / Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongu’d’I 7.17–19) especially towards Macbeth, he is firm in his punishment of the original thane of Cawdor.   Malcolm Duncan’s eldest son, he flees to England when he finds out his father was murdered. This makes him look guilty, but in reality he sought to avoid becoming another target. At the end of the play, he is crowned king of Scotland. Fleance Banquo’s son, he is ambushed by Macbeth’s assassins alongside his father, but manages to escape. Even though he does not become king at the end of the play, we know that the current English monarchy during Shakespeare’s time descends from Banquo.

How to Get Connections Without Going to Networking Events

How to Get Connections Without Going to Networking Events However you feel about networking, it works and it’s necessary. If you hate networking events- whether you’re antisocial, shy, or just really tired of that scene- chances are you avoid going to them as often as you can, and when you do go, you’re probably not at your best. The good news is, most events are probably not worth your time anyway. People at events are often distracted, excited, and dealing with their own social anxiety. And just throwing business cards around doesn’t really do much for building quality relationships- it just gets you quantity of potential contacts, which doesn’t necessarily convert. What you’re after is quality. And you can easily achieve that without going to events.Here are a few strategies for how to get connections in other, better ways.Talk About Your ProjectsYou’re working on an exciting and challenging new project. Why not ask friends and colleagues if they know anyone who would be particularly suite d and/or willing to answer a few questions you may have about some unbelievably cool aspect of your project- or just one with which you’re not quite yet superstar familiar? Benefits: instant icebreaker, friends-of-friends connection, personal intro, and built in reasons to follow-up. Just be careful you only use this when you have a project or problem worth implementing the phone tree for.VolunteerVolunteering is a great way to meet people, particularly ones with similar values and interests. And it pads out you resume as well. Try to pick something that has at least some tangential connection to your industry or field- that way the people you meet are more likely to be able to help you down the line.Use Social Media with SavvyIt’s right there waiting for you and you can do it all in your pajamas. Start with LinkedIn- that’s what it’s for. There are over 400 million people on the site, and almost all of them for the same reason: to build their networks. C heck out the â€Å"Professionals Like You† tab, a virtual meet-up for people in similar situations and industries. Check out your peers, and send the occasional cold (but carefully personalized!) outreach message. Let people know you’re looking to build up your network and to recommend anyone they know that might be in your industry. Also try joining groups or chats or webinars. You’ll never know who you might meet.Reach Out to Who You KnowYou can beef up your network simply by talking to people you already know. That’s way less daunting. Milk your friends, colleagues, and connections for anyone they know who might be a good fit for you, or vice versa. Get their contact info, and, voila! You just networked. And on the bright side: you have a better intro to them than you would if you just sidled up at the hors d’oeuvres table.

Outer Space and Inner Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Outer Space and Inner Space - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss why Theremin became popular during this period, how it works, its effect on the audience, and the various ways in which it is used in both outer space and inner space movies. Theremin is named after it inventor- a Russian inventor known as Leon Theremin. This is an early electronic music instrument that functioned without the control of the performer. The instrument was patented in 1928 with the sole intention of using it for melodic music in the traditional vein. Several years after its invention, Theremin was widely used in the making of several films. However, its application in film was limited to some types of films such as suspense and science fiction films where the technique of sound manipulation was effective. The1950 time period was the perfect period for this electronic music instrument as it was highly popularized in Hollywood. According to Weird Vibration (2002), during that period, â€Å"Hollywood was hard-pressed both by the court-ordered selling of studio-owned theaters and by competition from the new medium of television from the new medium of television; the financial pressures reminded producers that it was cheaper to build one monste r than a series of planet landscapes and props†. Following the popularity of these types of films in the 1950s, â€Å"Hollywood composers looked to technology for the alien Other’s stereotypical voice† (Weird Vibrations, 2002). As such, music composers and film makers popularized the use of Theremin due to its strong semiotic properties. Science fiction and suspense films that used this electronic instrument stood out as opposed to those that were non-Theremin-flavored. According to Weird Vibration (2002), †Also there is an important difference exists between the Theremin-flavored musical ideas with which composers for the science fiction films limned their extrater-restrial others and Hollywood’s standard musical depiction of outsiders. The difference

RFID is increasingly used in logistics. Discuss its advantages and Essay - 1

RFID is increasingly used in logistics. Discuss its advantages and disadvantages from a global perspective - Essay Example 285-303) highlighted cost reduction in non-calibrated tools by implemented RFID solutions. Calibrated tools are vital for quality production and require constant tracking for most advantageous labor efficiency and productivity. The RFID solution will track the calibrated tools and reduce cost significantly. The study also concludes the calculation of a net present value analysis as compared to do-nothing scenario, , by deploying the RFID technology, the cost saving figures were approximately $ 60,000. By implementing RFID, other areas can also be integrated to save more cost and produce efficiency. Therefore, RFID integration in specialized manufacturing is beneficial in terms of cost, efficiency and tracking. Moreover, asset management systems that are integrated to Enterprise resource planning (ERP) will be useful when integrated to RFID technology. The objective of asset management systems is to locate accurate assets, specifically at the exact time, and present information about each, along with its status. In order to carry out processes in asset management systems, a tag is attached to each asset, which allows the transmission of information, by frequency identification to the reader. After receiving the data, the reader sends it to the inventory management system for tracking the location via the production facility (Jones et al. 285-303; Jones et al. 285-303). 2 Automated Manufacturing and Logistics Control The other dimension of RFID is passive RFID that is implemented in automated manufacturing and logistics control. The passive RFID technology is beneficial for any business process requiring fast flow of items. Moreover, passive RFID systems transmits energy entirely from the reader devices called transponders which are relatively inexpensive, making them the ideal choice and easy to apply for manufacturing and logistics control systems. Likewise, these transponders are easy to fix on the object for identification. Furthermore, RFID technology facili tates real time object visibility with high accuracy providing organizations to continuously identify and locate all items with real time data management (Keskilammi, Sydanheimo and Kivikoski 769-774). 3 Real World Examples In order to gain a better idea, some real world examples will illustrate the operations and processes that are facilitated by RFID in organizations. This section will describe some real world examples of implementing RFID for improving the efficiency of production in a department for packing integrated circuit. Liu and Chen conducted a study in 2009 for improving production efficiency in an integrated-circuit packaging house by implementing RFID technology. The integration with electronic framework, RFID technology, and ERP system was implemented along with Oracle AIM. The system reflected two modules named as electronic receiving modules and inventory transaction module respectively. The conclusion and results highlighted the implementation of electronic receivi ng module is utilized to enhance accept / check operation issues, operations associated with stock-in-record processing and document hauling operations. On the other hand, inventory transaction form is capable to handle demands for entry information related to accounting, transaction form request related to inventory, transaction records and processing replacement. By implementing RFID

Polysar Limited Essay Example for Free

Polysar Limited Essay Executive Summary This report seeks to explain the key differences between the NASA (North American South American) and EROW (Europe and rest of world) sales performance over the past nine months. There are several reasons causing the sales performance figures currently stemming from NASA to be incomparable with the EROW numbers, including the current practice of transferring large quantities of regular butyl rubber from the Sarnia to the Antwerp production facilities. As Polysar operates globally, it is also important to consider certain international aspects and specific risks. These include, foreign currency exchange fluctuations, potentially creating gains or losses, as well as international taxes and tariffs. The decisions made regarding allocation of profits between the two geographic centers will directly impact the taxes paid in either location. ADD ON WITH SPECIFICS Introduction A high-level overview of Polysar Limited provides an all-encompassing image of the nature of this case, necessary to later effectively focus in on specific financial details and problems. Polysar is Canada’s largest chemical company, with the North American production facility located in Sarnia Ontario. The company splits into 3 main groups including petrochemicals, diversified products, and rubber, of which the latter is the largest representing 46% of sales. This rubber division is the core of the report, as its success is vital to Polysar. The rubber division is split into two geographic centers, in Sarnia Ontario and Antwerp Belgium respectively. (See Appendix 1 for graphical representation). Both geographic centers produce both regular butyl and halobutyl rubbers. In 1985, Sarnia opened a second production facility that has not yet reached capacity. By comparison, Antwerp has only one facility operating at full capacity and still unable to meet demand for regular butyl rubber. To cope with this, the Sarnia transfers large quantities of its production to Antwerp at cost. The inability of the Sarnia facility to earn a profit from these transferred units represents one of the main causes of concern regarding sales performance figures. In order to correctly and efficiently asses the current situation, we will be reviewing a number of criteria, and from there introduce and analyze several alternatives presented by these assessments. Further Recommendations Transfer Pricing As you are aware, the NASA segment is currently charging EROW for the butyl rubber being transferred in order to meet the European demand. This charge is currently calculated on the basis of NASA’s cost. This is only one of three possible approaches that are used to set to transfer prices internally within Polysar Limited. The three options that may be considered are: 1. Set transfer prices at cost 2. Set transfer prices at a negotiated mutually agreed upon level 3. Set transfer prices at the market value  Currently, as the first option is implemented, this is causing the two major problems. The first is in regards to the product mix produced within the Sarnia production facilities. As no profit is recorded for the units that are transferred, the product mix may be decided on a sub-optimal basis. Our team recommends further investigation to determine the necessary information as to if the costs to produce the halobutyl and butyl rubbers within both NASA and EROW. This could lead to decisions of specialization in the Sarnia plants or Antwerp plant for one type of rubber produced if cost savings for that product line is higher than transportation costs of shipping to the other facility. Additionally, another problem being experienced through the current transfer pricing approach is that the NASA does not show any profit on the Polysar internal transfer of rubber. Consequently, the EROW segment may record this profit without the same having the additional fixed costs pertaining to the costly initial investment of the second Sarnia plant amounting $550 million and the associated depreciation. This leads to an unfair representation of profitability for the two cost centers. In terms of which to use for Polysar Limited’s Rubber Segment, setting prices at cost hereby benefits the EROW center, whereas using market price would benefit the NASA segment. This is because then NASA is recording revenue for the units transferred, whereas EROW will not, (provided that the prices in both markets are similar – international arbitrage). With Polysar’s company wide profitability in mind, as well as spirit of fairness in representation for both segments using a de-centralized approach, our recommendation is the use of negotiated transfer pricing. This occurs when the NASA and EROW segments collaborate to agree on a selling/purchasing price for the internationally transferred butyl supply. Implementing this will cause both segments to have better information of the costs and benefits associated with the transfer. To narrow down on what this transfer price should specifically be, a range of acceptable transfer prices will provide an estimate.  As this is an international transfer, there are even more considerations that become relevant. For example, the corporate tax rate applied in North American versus Europe should be considered. Furthermore, management should look specifically into duties, tariffs, foreign exchange rates and risks, as well as governmental relationships. By this token, charging Antwerp a lower transfer price will result in fewer Custom Duty payments as the rubber crosses borders. Flexible Versus Static Budgetary Systems Currently Polysar employs a static budget system for their budgeted level of rubber sales. However, if more butyl or halobutyl rubber is produced and then sold these will cause a variance as composed to budgeted figures. For  example, variable costs will go up, however this may simply be in direct correlation to the increased rubber produced. It is important to be able to analyze if variances are based on volume or cost differences. By tracing the cost variances more closely after implementing this flexible budget system, a better evaluation of management’s performance may be achieved. This can be directly used when considering compensation for managers. INSERT NUMBERS. Employee Compensation Plan Polysar uses the participative budgetary system, which is directly linked to employee compensation. Although this bottom-up approach to budgeting allows for accurate estimates due to managers with specific rubber cost knowledge being involved, it can cause a conflict of interest that may be costly. It is essential, and highly recommended that the NASA rubber division establish a budgetary committee to review the estimates made to ensure the lower level management has not added in budgetary slack intentionally in an effort to achieve their compensation figures based on meeting these targets. However, even the top management currently possesses a huge conflict of interest influencing them in the direction of allowing for budgetary slack as their compensation is up to 50% for both meeting divisional profits, as well as exceeding corporate profit targets. These targets can clearly be met, if costs have been artificially manipulated to be higher than expected. As it is improbable to find members of the budgetary committee who will be completed impartial and not subject to a bonus on the premise of meeting profit targets, responsible accounting should be implemented. This system holds each manager responsible for the estimate of the individual cost and revenue basis for which he or she was in charge of deciding. This means, he or she is essentially responsible to explain the differences between the actual and budgeted results. In order to negate the previously mentioned conflict of interest, it is recommended to include the amount of variance in a manager’s estimate in the calculate of compensation, hereby eliminated large bonuses if the original estimate was not within a certain range of the actual value (extra-ordinary occurrences excluded). Hedging of Risk The nature of the Polysar’s business contains a certain degree of  specialized risk. First and foremost, operating internationally in various currency zones contributes to foreign exchange risk. This can be hedged through capital markets, resulting in lowering risk for the corporation. Also, as there is a great degree of risk for the variable costs of production in relation to the oil, it is imperative to hedge this risk as well. It is very possible to hedge market commodity price risks through capital markets or advance purchase of these oil inputs. This can provide more stability for Polysar Limited as a whole, particularly the key rubber division. Capacity Analysis Appendices Appendix 1 Polysar Rubber

Utopia Essays -- Utopic Society Social Issues Essays

Utopia In the year 1515, a book in Latin text was published which became the most significant and controversial text ever written in the field of political science. Entitled, ‘DE OPTIMO REIPUBLICATE STATU DEQUE NOVA INSULA UTOPIA, clarissimi disertissimique viri THOMAE MORI inclutae civitatis Londinensis civis et Vicecomitis’, translated into English would read, ‘ON THE BEST STATE OF A COMMONWEALTH AND ON THE NEW ISLAND OF UTOPIA, by the Most Distinguished and Eloquent Author THOMAS MORE Citizen and Undersheriff of the Famous City of London.’. Utopia (Latin: no-place) is a society of great planning and capability. A community where individuals compromised their rights for the good of the collective and focused on a communal goal. These ideals of an infinitely capable and cooperative. Utopic society have captured the imagination of the greatest minds throughout the centuries. One may find the origin of Utopian thoughts in the Republic and Law conceived by Plato and in The Nicomachean Ethics and Politics created by Aristotle. The two individuals are the founding fathers of western philosophy, and their works are the basis of the western political science. Despite the thoughts on a planned society that preceded More in the field of Utopic philosophy, the first complete Utopia was credited to More and it became the pinnacle of Renaissance humanist thought. In the book, Utopia, More employed the fictional character Ralpheal Hythloday to bring a practical Utopia to the readers. The travelogue of the Island of Utopia from Hythlod ay would act as the model of many Eutopias (Latin: happy-place) and dystopias (Latin: opposite-place) created from a variety of interpretations by authors such as Karl Marx, revolutionist, and H.G We... ...niversity Library Online. Nov 1996. Eurich, Nell. Science in Utopia: A Might Design. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967 Fox, Alistair. Utopia: An Elusive Vision. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993 Hertzler, Joyce Oramel Ph.D. The History of Utopian Thought. New York: The MacMillan Copany, 1926 Kateb, George. Utopia and its Enemies. London: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1963 Logan, George M., Adams, Robert M., Miller, Clarence H. Utopia: Thomas More: Latin Text and English Translation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995 Logan, George M., Adams, Robert M. Utopia: More. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988 Olin, John C. Interpreting Thomas More’s Utopia. New York: Fordham university Press, 1989 Russell, Frances Theresa. Touring Utopia: The Realm of Constructive Humanism. New York: The Vail-ballou Press, 1932

Deviance, Labeling Theory, Secondary Labeling and their Effects On Society

Deviance can be defined as anything that flouts social norms and values. As an example we can take the Ten Commandments, that other than being a religious document is also a set of regulations to assist in creating a comfortable social climate for all people in a social environment. Simple laws such as not to steal, commit adultery, murder or abuse, are set in order to make sure that all involved are protected from possible harm. When one individual decides to break these regulations the balance is out of kilter.In this essay we will define and explain the terms: deviance, secondary deviance and labeling theory and attempt to ascertain their importance and effects within a social stratum. Deviance is, as mentioned above, a conscious disregard for the norms and values specifically designed to protect the public. Deviance is often seen in terms of juvenile delinquents who by means of deliberate or forced action break the laws that protect the public or community. Deviance takes its for m in a number of ways that are socially relevant such as drug abuse, rape, murder, theft and armed robbery.The father of labeling theory, Howard Becker believed, however, that sufficient rehabilitation of said criminals leads to another set of problems altogether. â€Å"Being a â€Å"criminal† becomes a person's master status. It controls the way they are identified in public. Others do not consider their other statuses — that of spouse, parent, or worker — only that they are first and foremost a criminal. † In this instance, as Becker believes the identity of the person becomes that of a criminal immediately after they are found guilty and have a criminal record.The person therefore undergoes an identity change and a moral crisis. The concept of self becomes divided by the Me and I being shifted from an integrated whole, to two very different people. One person is the ‘inherent good’ and one is the ‘public bad’, yet they are the same person. If one looks at crimes such as gang violence, one sees a specific stigma, one of fear by the public and another of status by those involved. The need to belong becomes greater than the need to be right. Those that grow up without an effective social purpose (ie.Those that do not have parents or grow up in inefficient parental guidance) search for meaning elsewhere. Those that are not seen as acceptable by their general environment will almost certainly find acceptance in a gang or crime syndicate. This is because it grants them some degree of importance and power. These individuals derive power out of others fear. In terms of other abuses of status, rape is a particularly devastating form of deviance where debate surrounding public labelling can be touchy to say the least.A crime of this nature, regardless of the age of the perpetrator is one that is on the increase today. Theoretically, justice should seek to curb violent and deviant behaviour, but as Becker believes, it often undermines the rehabilitation process because once the individual has been labelled as a criminal they tend to be seen as such years after the punishment has been served and inhibits their ability to earn a decent, respectable income once they have left prison. It makes sense that when a convicted criminal applies for a job after they have served their sentence, the label of ‘criminal’ is already recorded.Naturally, the prospective employer is dubious as to whether to employ them or not. In relationships too, it becomes difficult for a spouse, friend or family member to trust the person again, leaving the convict alone and jobless. There is an immediate loss of self esteem, social concept, self-concept and value to society. Becker and his fellow symbolic interactionists believe that this is a self-fulfilling prophecy which is nearly impossible to break. More importantly, is the consequence of this labelling.As an example, we could use 11 September 2001, otherw ise known worldwide as Ground Zero, to illustrate a social problem such as labelling is responsible for. After the Twin Towers bombing, it became known that the perpetrators were Muslim fundamentalists and possible al-Qa’ida insurgents. Once this became known, Muslim mean were searched at airports and appeared to be discriminated against by general public. This is neither party’s fault in the end, as fear is a defence mechanism that the public drew up in order to protect themselves from further threat.Also apparent though, is that not all Muslims are potential mass murders or are genocidal. The same becomes apparent on another macro-level with the Germans and Adlof Hitler. That not every German is a Nazi may momentarily have escape some families of victims. The real problem, however with labelling of deviants, is that since they are unable to regain social status and unable acquire employment, they are forced back into deviant behaviour. This is termed secondary devian ce. The self-fulfilling prophecy as mentioned before becomes apparent.With no job or social support, theft seems to be the first port of call in order to survive. In order to do this, the person may be forced to join another gang and the snowball starts to roll. It is extremely difficult to re-integrate a criminal with a record back into society, so where does the answer lie. If it were possible to change the attitudes of the general public, it could be the difference between an integrated society and a dysfunctional one. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that the individual will choose to keep their name clear after they are released.In conclusion it can be seen that deviance, secondary deviance and labelling are all integral parts of societal functioning, but don’t necessarily yield any solution to the growing trend of deviant behaviour among juvenile delinquents. The process remains as follows: due to some fate of upbringing the person in initiated into a deviant form o f behaviour; they are labelled delinquents, criminals and rehabilitants; they are unable to change their status due to criminal record, so they revert to deviant behaviour in order to survive. It would seem that the only appropriate solution or cure for this deviant culture, lies in the upbringing.

Meaning of life †Religion Essay

In my opinion, there is no specific meaning of life. There also is a part of me that thinks that life really doesn’t have a meaning at all. But, since I have to try to define life, I would have to say it’s a combination of things in your life that you are living for, or the purpose of you being on this earth. Everyone most likely has a different purpose for being alive. Whether it is family, school, or your career; those things have a lot of impact on your life and also decisions that you make throughout life. In our society, many families instill faith and morals early into their children’s lives by continuing traditions or practices of religious faith. The idea of faith and moral beliefs are instilled in a person by attending or participating in church activities and reading the Bible or other religious texts. When there is a sound moral foundation in a person’s life it may give them the motivation through faith to build a sound structure for their life or to achieve personal goals. Simply put, a person may believe through faith that it is possible to achieve an education, start a family, or to have a successful business or career because of their foundation in faith. The reason why I somewhat think that life really doesn’t have a meaning, is because no matter what anyone does or how well or righteous someone lives their life, in the end they still die. What happens after that? Nothing, you never come back nor will you have any recollection of what went on during your lifetime here on earth. A person can bust their behind in working doing good for the community and everything else and in the end you still end up in the same place as everyone else, good people or bad people, you die. Another reason why I believe life doesn’t have a meaning is because all of the people in this world have to suffer, they still go through pain, they have to watch loved ones die, they still have to go through heartache, and rough times. Being poor, homeless, and not having food for as single meal in the day. Where is the meaning in life when people have to wake up hungry or worry about where they will lay their head that night? I’d say there is none when you look at it from that perspective. In my opinion, the meaning of life is too complex for the human brain to comprehend. People tend to say that they know what the meaning of life is, but who really knows the answer. There are various opinions and schools of thought, however, most people can never and will never reach a clear understanding of what the meaning of life is. If there is meaning in life at all, then there must be meaning in suffering. †? Viktor E. Frankl. Frankl could not have said this quote any better, most people can say that they have found meaning in their life but at the same time, there are some people wondering if the only reason they are on this earth is to suffer on a daily basis throughout their entire lives.

Lubricating Oil Extraction Methods

Lubricating Oil Extraction Methods Introduction The extraction of lubricating oils from crude oil is a multistep procedure as mentioned earlier in the paper (Speight, 1980, p.71). The reason behind this is the inability to achieve constant liquid phases as certain temperatures. For that matter, single stage extraction of lubricating oils is difficult.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lubricating Oil Extraction Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the ancient times, the extraction process was single stage thus giving a product with many undesirable compounds, which could be termed as impurities. This is what led to the invention of the solvent extraction method, which produces high yield of the lubricating oil. Nevertheless, the solvents have been used in the multi-stage extraction process to dissolve the crude oil and make it easy to get sufficient yields of lubricating oils among other products such as asphalt, gasoline, and gases just to mention a few. In solvent extraction, phenol, NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), and furfural are the preferred solvents given their high yields of the lubricating oils from crude oil. In fact, research conducted indicates that in solvent extraction, the yield is normally as high as 70-80 per cent of the total input. In this extraction, there are also significant quantities of waste materials. When using solvents to extract lubricating oils, a single type of solvent or a combination of two solvents could be used. Research has shown that the yield from a combination of two solvents is greater than that from a one type of solvent. Nevertheless, given the negative health and environmental effects of phenol, furfural is the most preferred solvent, which is mostly combined with NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the extraction of lubricating oils by looking at the methods of extraction, description of processes, purpose of extraction and new deve lopments in lubricating oil extraction with emphasis on furfural extraction method. Methods used to extract oil The extraction of lubricating oils is highly dependent on the solvents used. Several methods can be used to extract lubricating oils after they have passed the other stages of separation. The commonly used method of lube oil extraction entails the use of solvents in the crude oil. These solvents include phenol, NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), and furfural just to mention a few. Membrane extraction is also another method that could be used in the extraction of lubricating oil (Sankey, 2009, p.6). Below is a typical chart showing the extraction of lube oil using furfural as a solvent.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig 1. (Speight, 1980, p.89) Phenol Extraction Method This is one of the most recent methods of extracting lubricating oil from crude oil. In thi s method, phenol is used as the refining solvent. Just like in furfural extraction, the phenol is put in the extraction unit to act as a solvent. However, unlike furfural, phenol is easily recovered after the extraction process (Stratford, Moor, and Pokorny, 1933, p.1). Phenol is selective in the derivation of a variety of distillates thus producing lubricating oils of high quality. Phenol is the preferred solvent by many because of its non-reactive characteristic as well as because it does not decompose in oil during the extraction process unlike other solvents. Secondly, phenol mixes with oil at high temperatures of about 100-200F, which is similar to the distillation temperature (Stratford, Moor, and Pokorny, 1933, p.1). This means that the extraction of lubricating oil with phenol is undertaken at a lower cost since less energy is required. In addition, it is less labour intensive and can be carried out by even three men. However, given the effects that phenol has on the health of human beings as well as the environment, it is rarely used as a solvent for extracting lubricating oil. Furfural extraction method In extracting lubricating oil, furfural is used to reduce the aromatic content of vacuum distillates. The removal of hydrocarbons from vacuum distillates is done in order to improve the lubricating properties of the oil. Once the crude oil residue is obtained after the distillation process, it is undergoes a further distillation process under a vacuum.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lubricating Oil Extraction Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Here, the crude oil is becomes cuts of lubricating oil that are simultaneously obtained at different temperatures (Sankey, 2009, p.6). â€Å"The commonly obtained raw cuts are; the spindle distillate (SPD); the Light neutral distillate (LND); the medium neutral distillate (MND); the heavy neutral distillate (HND) and the bright stock distillate (BSD)† (Sankey, 2009, p.4). For high quality extraction of aromatics from the mixture, it is important that a solvent with the right properties be used. This solvent should be able to create two phases of the liquid as well as have the ability to prevent oil from getting lost. Furfural extraction Purpose Furfural is preferred as a solvent in lube oil extraction because of its ability to select aromatic compounds thus increasing the rate of reaction. In addition to this, furfural can be used in vacuum distillates of different viscosities. Unlike other solvents, furfural is environmental friendly and causes less harm to the health of human beings. In addition to this, furfural can be applied to a wide range of raw materials. This makes it a better solvent than the rest. Its ability to form emulsions is also low hence making it easy to be separated from oil. Furfural is also preferred for lube oil extraction since its raffinate extract is of higher yields compare d to the rest. Process description The process of extracting lubricating oil suing furfural as a solvent normally takes place in a column that is fitted with rotating plates and sieves. It is normally a process with several stages, which can be listed as: Preparation of the raw material through drying and air removal Solvent addition Separation of lube oil and solvent In furfural extraction, the first step entails having the distillate obtained from the distillation process dried. After drying, it undergoes deaeration to remove air in the distillate. This is important because any traces of air and moisture in the distillate would affect the extraction process hence the quality of lubricating oil. Air is known to oxidize furfural; hence, it has to be removed to ensure high quality and yield of the lubricating oil. Once the distillate is free of air and moisture, furfural is added in the column and the rotating plates facilitate mixing. The ability of the solvent to dissolve the cru de oil is important in determining the ratio of oil to solvent. In most cases, the ability of a solvent to dissolve oil increases with rise in temperature and decreases with a fall in temperature.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, for the extractor to perform well, it is endorsed with perforated disks that keep rotating. This creates a column known as the rotating disk column (RDC). The intensity of rotation depends on the flow of the distillate as well as that of the solvent. â€Å"In order to increase extraction degree, i.e. improve separation of the raffinate from the extract phase, cold reflux of the extract phase is added to the extractor† (Sankey, 2009, p.4). The extract phase is then allowed to settle and later move to the flash column. The flash column plays the role of drying the furfural leaving the extract free from solvent. Upon cooling, furfural is removed and taken to a separator after which the extract is stored. The next stage involves taking back the furfural to the raffinate phase. Later, the raffinate phase undergoes dewaxing, a process that entails production of base oil and bitumen among other products. Process configuration The furfural extraction process is configured in su ch a way that is able to process up to four feed stocks, which include heavy neutral, light neutral, spindle oils and intermediate neutral. These can be tabulated as below: Stock. Rate for HVI operation. Rate for MVI operation 1. Spindle Oil 37 m^hr. 33 m^hr. 2. Light neutral 32-6 n^/hr. 33 m3/hr. 3. Intermediate neutral 27 m^hr. 36 mi/hr. 4. Heavy neutral 23 m^hr. 33 ms/hr. Table. 1 (Sankey, 2009, p.6) The extract is normally passed through various ultrafine filters to remove impurities. Aromatics are one such impurity and it contains six-carbon rings that affect the viscosity of the lube oil† (Fuels, Lubricants, and Coolants, 1992, p.92). Since the aromatics are highly soluble, it makes them easier to be removed through solvent extraction. In order to enable the lube oil to endure low temperatures and have other desirable qualities, it other additives are mixed with it (Fuels, Lubricants, and Coolants, 1992). An assessment of the flash, viscosity, specific g ravity, fire points and colour is done. Upon acquisition of the desirable standards, the oil is packaged and distributed (Fuels, Lubricants, and Coolants, 1992). Extraction of furfural from the raffinate is made by heating it thus leaving the extract. Below is a diagram showing the configured process of furfural extraction of lubricating oil. Fig 2. (Mortier et al., 2010, p.67) Equipment Several equipments and machines are used in furfural extraction of lubricating oil. Some of which include; Extraction column: In this column, the solvent is fed into the crude oil and allowed to dissolve. This equipment contains an in-feed pipe from the vacuum distillatory and an out-feed pipe to the de-waxing equipment. Temperatures in this equipment are relatively high in order to increase the miscibility of the solvent with the lubricating oil. Solvent recovery system: It is made up of two fractionating units together with a surge drum. The fractionators labelled as A and B serves the purpose o f separating water from the furfural moisture, in this case the raffinate. The surge drum on the other hand, plays the role of drying hence facilitating complete removal of furfural from the extract. Process variables The process variables in the extraction of lubricating oil are the temperature used, solvent to oil ratio, and the stages of extraction that the oil undergoes. Temperature As mentioned earlier in the paper, the temperatures used in the solvent extraction unit are significantly high to increase the surface areas of reaction between the solvent and the oil. Thus, low temperatures are bound to inhibit reaction hence poor extraction of the lubricating oil. Ratio of solvent to oil The ratio of solvent to oil is also crucial as it significantly determines the reaction rate of the oil with solvent hence affecting extraction. Number of stages Finally yet importantly, the number of stages of extraction is also important in determining the quality of the final product of lubric ating oil. The more the stages, the better the quality of the lubricating oil produced. New development in lubricating oil New developments in extraction of lubricating oils centre on the source of the lubricating oil and the methods of extracting it. Currently only furfural and phenol extraction methods have been in use. Canadian engineers discovered the EXOL N extraction method. The new Exol N solvent is said to have better lube extraction selectivity than both phenol and furfural; better chemical and thermal stability than furfural; and it is safer then phenols (Ferris, Birkhimer, and Henderson, 1931, p. 754). Tests have proved that use of the solvent increases the yield of lubricating oil and save the cost of energy. The Residuum oil Supercritical Extraction process is a new solvent extraction method said to be efficient for recovering lubricating oil of higher value from the crude oil residue. It is based on the use of a paraffinic solvent, which can be recycled and recovered. The advantages of the residuum oil super critical method is that it saves on the energy and reduces the cost of investment on equipment. The new development, which has stirred controversy in scientific and environmental circles, is extraction of oils from algae. Experiments have proved that lubricating oils and biodiesel oils can be extracted from algae. In that case, algae is selectively harvested and used in oil extraction. â€Å"The chemical methods are categorized into; supercritical fluid extraction method; soxhlet extraction method; and Hexane solvent extraction method† (Ferris, Birkhimer, and Henderson, 1931, p. 755). Mechanical methods include Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and Expeller/ Expression press method (Ferris, Birkhimer, and Henderson, 1931, p. 756). The extraction methods generate more controversy as mechanical methods would require the energy intensive process of drying the algae while the use of chemical solvents poses both health and safety dangers. Neve rtheless, given the exploitation of natural oil resources such as crude oil, it is evident that soon or later the synthetic-based lubricating oils will be in high demand given the non-renewable feature of natural sources. Conclusion From the above discussion on extraction of lubricating oil, it can be deduced that it is quite cumbersome to come up with a product that will protect the wear and tear of machines. It has also been noted that of the three commonly used solvents, furfural is the most preferred given its good qualities and ability to give high yields of the lubricating oil. This quality is also significantly influenced by three variables mentioned in the paper, which include process temperature, the ratio of solvent to oil and the extraction stages. By putting all the aforementioned factors in mind, the lubricating oil is of high quality thus perfectly playing its functional role. Given the high demand of high quality lubricating oil, the manufacturers have resorted to way s that could ensure that they produce high quality lubricating oil at reasonable costs. One of these ways is by using furfural solvent under the discussed optimum conditions. Reference List Ferris, S., Birkhimer, E., and Henderson, L. (1931). Solvent Extraction of Lubricating Oils. Industrial Engineering Chemistry 23(7), 753-761. Fuels, Lubricants, and Coolants. (1992). Canada: Deere Company Service Publications. Mortier, R, et al. (2010). Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants. New York: Springer Sankey, B. (2009). A new lubricants extraction process. The Canadian Journal of  Chemical Engineering 63(1), 3-7. Speight, J. (1980). The Chemistry and Terminology of Petroleum. New York: Marcel Dekker. Stratford, R., Moor, H., and Pokorny, O. (1933). Phenol as a selective solvent in refining  of lubricating oils. Retrieved from https://www.onepetro.org/

The House of Capulet in Romeo and Juliet

The House of Capulet in Romeo and Juliet The House of Capulet in Romeo and Juliet is one of fair Verona’s two feuding families- the other being the House of Montague. Capulet’s daughter, Juliet, falls in love with Romeo, the son of Montague and they elope, much to the anger of their respective families. Heres a look at the major players in the House of Capulet. Capulet (Juliets Father) Hes head of the Capulet clan, married to Lady Capulet and father to Juliet. Capulet is locked in an on-going, bitter and unexplained dispute with the Montague family. Capulet is very much in charge and demands respect. He is prone to rage if he does not get his own way. Capulet loves his daughter very much but is out of touch with her hopes and dreams. He believes that she should marry Paris. Lady Capulet (Juliets Mother) Married to Capulet and mother to Juliet, Lady Capulet appears distanced from her daughter. It is interesting to note that Juliet receives most of her moral guidance and affection from the Nurse. Lady Capulet, who also married young, believes it was high time Juliet was married off and chooses Paris as the appropriate candidate. But when Juliet declines to marry Paris, Lady Capulet turns on her: Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word; do as thou wilt, for I am done with thee. Lady Capulet takes the news of her nephew Tybalts death extremely hard, going so far as to wish death on his killer, Romeo. Juliet Capulet Our female protagonist is 13 years old and about to be married to Paris. However, Juliet soon stumbles upon her fate when she meets Romeo,  and instantly falls in love with him, despite him being the son of her family’s enemy. Over the course of the play, Juliet matures, making the decision to abandon her family to be with Romeo. But like most women in Shakespeares plays, Juliet has little personal freedom. Tybalt Lady Capulet’s nephew and Juliet’s cousin, Tybalt is antagonistic and has a deep hatred of the Montagues. He has a short temper and is quick to draw his sword when his ego is in danger of being damaged. Tybalt has a vindictive nature and is feared. When Romeo kills him, this is a major turning point in the play. Juliet’s Nurse A loyal maternal figure and friend to Juliet, the Nurse provides moral guidance and practical advice. She knows Juliet better than anyone else and provides comic relief in the play with her bawdy sense of humor. The Nurse has a disagreement with Juliet near the end of the play which demonstrates her lack of understanding about the intensity of Juliet’s feelings about love and about Romeo. Servants of the Capulets Samson: After the Chorus, he is the first character to speak and establishes the conflict between the Capulets and the Montagues. Gregory: Along with Samson, he discusses the tension in the Montague household. Peter: Illiterate and a bad singer,  Peter invites guests to the Capulets’ feast and escorts the Nurse to meet with Romeo.

Can we apply Hobbes argument about the state of nature to Essay

Can we apply Hobbes argument about the state of nature to international relations - Essay Example In this regard, the state of nature considers men to be in a competition with each other for resources that include food, for example. As a result, they tend to distrust and fear one another thus instigating a pre-emptive attack due to the quest to maximise their own interests at the expense of other people. On the other hand, difference, emanates from the desire for natural equality and the fear factor that eventually leads to war. On this note, the state of nature suggests that, the alternative option for removing the contributory factors to conflict is to embrace the state by surrendering sovereignty to the Leviathan in order to enjoy security and order. According to Hobbes, the international sphere exists in a form of the state of nature (1985, p.37). This paper explores whether Hobbes argument about the state of nature can apply to international relations. While international relations emphasises a peaceful co-existence between sovereign states, the Hobbesian view focuses on the defensive character of states. This makes it difficult to apply the Hobbesian argument in international relations because; it discards the moral principles that guide the relations among states. Hobbes advances five conditions for the state of nature that includes equality, competition, and the existence of two types of people, non- universal egoism and uncertainty. With regard to equality, Hobbesian view reiterates that people possess almost equal mental and physical capabilities. As a result, those regarded as weak also have enough power either mental or physical to destroy the strongest. The competition caused by scarcity of resources also creates a situation where everyone grapples for the same unlimited resources. The Hobbesian view further associates the scarce resource with power since not everyone can amass power. In this sense, power is often a preserve for a few individuals in the society who tend to maximise it for their own self-interest (Hampton, 1987,

How to become a lady to be admired and envied Essay

How to become a lady to be admired and envied - Essay Example None of the statements above includes level of college degree, level of career, financial wealth or marital status. This does not mean that they are not important. Certainly, they are to the same degree they are essential to an individual. Those accomplishments are as an outcome of goal setting and realization for those precise successes (Lowrey, 1). Being a woman is all about self-improvement and self-help. One should make a plan. Making a decision of the goal that one wants to accomplish in life and within a definite period is vital. Women should do something to be remembered when they are no more. For instance, you may want your children to recall the fact that that you were the cleanest or for the flower you grew. Again voicing your dream is an important goal regardless of where you are. Learn to tell the world who you want to be and what you want in life. When you tell others, it means committing. Ladies should always be aware of whom they are and what they want to become takes much approach. Look inside and find the things that you are proud of and this can be seen as self-aid or self-development. Before looking for her weakness, a woman needs to know what she does best. In addition, strength awareness builds character and confidence (Lowrey 3). In today’s society, it is very important to have a role model to whom one can look upon for guidance. The role model should be a positive influencer, one that we can trust, relate to our situations and share information that can help us reach our goals and help us to solve a problem. This role model lays an important part in our lives and they assist us in making sound decisions. They help us more in mental and growth development. Woman/a female in public eyes catch the attention of very many people. They watch the way in which a woman conducts herself, the way she speak and how she treats others. Women should live by the saying that ‘to whom much is given, much is expected'. They should understand the importance of representing themselves and the family in responsible and responsible manner. Skylar Diggins’, one of the basketball players is one of the role models among women and she tries to help young girls by volunteering. She hosts number of free clinics, coac hes many girls and speaks to them. She believes that this could help young girls realize their potential and set a higher bar for themselves (Diggings, 1). Most people in life have a role model who guides them. Reasons for these role models vary from one reason to another but the ideal they represent and the admiration they inspire is what makes them attractive. A role model should have the ability to give spiritual and moral values to an individual and stimulate a person to reach beyond one self. Today, the role models exposed to women are fashion related, interpersonal relationships, dating, marital as well as professional on careers. From Catholics’ point of view, blessed Virgin Mary remains the role model for all women at all times since they see her as an example of transcend and inclusive time and culture. Mary is seen as the perfect human being; in her, women of all walks of life can see what it means to be a woman in relationship with Christ. Women can learn fulfi llment of existence of feminine by not aspiring to become a copy of masculine since such thoughts always distort the mission and vision of a female (Sommers, 1). Successful Women and What They Do There are women who have really worked hard and they are

Three information technology topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Three information technology topics - Essay Example Three information technology topics When we remind ourselves that it is we who decide how to keep technology busy, we shall be better (Turkle, 2011, p.296).† The Turkle comments criticize the current situation where people cannot survive without technology. Children prefer staying indoors. While inside, the children prefer playing computer games, surfing the internet and online relationships. The children have discarded the prior setup where children prefer face to face games with their neighbors, classmates, and relatives. Turkle insists that people should use computers and other technology devices as tools for increasing face to face communication, relationships, and other physical activities like basketball, volleyball, baseball, chess, and the like. Its difference from her findings in the past. Comparing her findings in the past, Turkle preferred that man cannot survive without technology, especially robots. Sherry Turkle emphasized that her 1984 position was for authenticity. Thus, a person is a better analy st, calculator, decision maker, and creator, when compared to a computer. The computer only follows what its software instructs it to do. On the other hand, the human being can insert other alternative procedures to one question, predicament, or activity. Authenticity is, â€Å"what sex was to the Victorians – threat and obsession, taboo and fascination. I have lived with this idea for many years (Wilks, 2010; p.9†¦)†. Turkle was initially obsessed to come up with new technology that will reduce the individual’s physical exertion. ... During the good old days, people would go the nearest store to buy a pen, paper, and envelope. The person would scribble messages on the paper. Next, the person would seal the letter inside the mailing envelope. Consequently, the person would ride the bus or train to the nearest post office. Upon arriving, the person will line up a long queue of people mailing their envelopes. After the post office clerk receives the person’s envelope, the person returns home. The entire process may take two to four hours, depending upon the traffic situation and the distance between the person’s home and the post office. In addition, Turkle prefers that all persons email their messages. Emails reach their intended receiver with a split second. The entire encoding and emailing process may take less than ten minutes. During the entire email process, the person is hiding behind the closed doors. Similarly, the person can order goods and services online. The person can click the McDonaldâ €™s website, and the McDonald’s crew ill deliver the hamburgers to the person’s home. Consequently, the person reduces face to face encounters. This is the essence of Turkle’s prior stand. 2. WHO DID IT? (Isaacson) Steve Jobs, more than anyone else, is responsible for today's digitech culture. Steve jobs created Apple computers. Before his untimely death, Steve Jobs orchestrated the user friendly computer environment. Steve Jobs was the visionary of product perfection, paving the bright and widening path of computer world conquering. Steve jobs would burn the midnight oil crafting new computer technologies. With infighting brewing up, Steve Jobs left the company that he had founded, Apple. After several years, Apple was on the brink of financial destruction. Consequently, Steve

Main factor Project management for successful completion of a project

Main factor Project management for successful completion of a project Project management is an important aspect of an organization a main factor for successful completion of a project. In todays changing times tools such as project management, if used properly can provide a useful way for organizations to manage that change effectively. Managing construction projects is a complex undertaking. The quality of a project is the result of many factors the quality of Project Manger is one such factor. Project manager make things happen on a project. A project needs a good planning, organization management which would bring out the maximum benefits for the organization and this can be only achieved by a good leader-Project manager. Another area which needs a lot of attention in an organization is conflicts disputes. Conflict is an inevitable aspect of an organization. It can be destructive as well as functional and it depends on the project manager to resolve the conflict in a manner so that it does not lead to the loss for an organization. There have been many past studies on project success factors affecting project success. These include Project managers competence, control systems responsibilities, selection of teams, politics, contracting solving of conflicts, proper allocation of resources etc. Effective project management begins with selecting and prioritizing projects that support the firms strategy and mission. Project managers have to plan and budget projects as well as orchestrate the contributions of others. Social-skills, decision making skills, problem handling skills, opportunities recognizing skills, and management of conflicts are certain personal attributes of a project manager affecting p roject success. The main aim of study is to find different attributes of a project manager which would help in overcoming all the challenges faced while working on a project as this marks the success of any organization. Project manager plays a very important role in a successful working of any organization and the aim of this study is to deeply study all those attributes which a project manager must have to become a good leader who can manage his team well extract maximum benefits out of them within the limits of time, money resources. Projects are inherently uncertain face unexpected events, from small changes to unforeseen changes like conflicts within organization, with the client, resource unavailability, etc. Project Manager forms a link between the top management the other employees so it is the responsibility of the project manager to maintain a good balance between both. The conflict can arise in top management as well as other employees. The aim of the study is to see how project manag ers respond to such events. As this forms a major reason for the success of any organization, the aim is to give an in depth study of these characteristics of a good project manager which is profitable for all the organizations draw a critical relationship between the Project Managers managerial attributes, the use of key project management principles, practices project performance. The study would also recommend some methodological processes, conceptual frameworks, experiments, experiences some conclusions drawn from various studies done in various companies compare contrast them with previous studies to attain a broad analysis for successful working of a project manager his role in successful completion of a project within the given constraints. Initially the study would examine what a project is, what project management is and what is the role of a project manager. Then the study would examine the causes, types effects of conflict followed by the ways they can be resolved the role of Project manager in conflict resolution. SEARCH STRATEGY The search strategy starts with an aim objective in mind. The aim the objective of present study are as follows: AIM: To study the roles responsibilities of an effective Project Manager analyze what attributes of a Project Manager are required to resolve different conflicts in an organization. OBJECTIVES: To define Project Project Management. To define the roles responsibilities of an effective quality Project Manager. To define conflict, examine its causes, types, core processes effects in an organization. To examine what attributes of a Project Manager are required to manage Conflict effectively. The key words used in the study include: Project, Project Management, Project Manager quality, Project manager roles, Unexpected events, Conflict, Conflict Management, work performance of Project Manager, Managerial attributes, Project Performance, Power, Politics, organizational politics, leadership, communication, motivation, managing project teams, project stakeholders, project life cycle. These words are relevant for the search because they cover the required objectives of the study. They help in finding the appropriate journal papers, links or other information regarding the different aspects of a project, project management, Project manager, conflict conflict management by a project manager. These words help in finding information that can describe the overall aim objectives of the study. The other sources of information include: Search engine used: Science direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Engineering Village. Other sources: Project Management: the managerial process 4e by Gray Larson. Business Psychology Organizational Behavior by Eugene McKenna. Commercial Management of Projects defining the discipline by Dawid Lowe with Roine Leiringer. Industrial Organizational Psychology by John B. Miner. www.ogc.gov.uk www.apm.org.uk REVIEWS OF FOUR JOURNAL PAPERS: Project Quality project managers: This journal paper Project Quality Project managers- http://tinyurl.com/24d9ue8 emphasizes on the fact that a successful project requires sound project management practices and for any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a project manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes. The research discussed in the paper is sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute. The main purpose of the paper is to confirm the critical relationship between the use of key project management principles, practices project performance. The paper emphasizes on the effective project management practices their use by project managers at all levels during a project life cycle. The paper argues that the relationship between a Project Managers managerial attributes project success is indirect. The project performance is affected by the effective application of project management principles by a project manager. Further the paper also argues that the high quality managerial attributes are an equally important contributor to project success and commensurate with high quality technical skills. The paper presents the key principles recommended practices such as strategic project organizing, design effectiveness, project control management of quality articulated by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) the Business Roundtables Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness (CICE) project. They are believed to have the strongest effect on project performance. The paper clearly defines the objectives scope of the research. The data does not only give theoretical results but also provides empirical support by acquiring data through detailed questionnaire developed to survey 400 construction companies where the respondents provide individual views based on their experiences on projects in the heavy engineering, building industrial construction sectors. This paper also provides strategies to improve project manager effectiveness. This helps in deeper understanding of the managers ability to consistently produce project success. However this paper considers only the aspect of project Manager as the factor for project success. Project success could be assessed not only on project management techniques but also on other external factors. The Project Manager must also allow the client to take equal responsibility of the project. It is important to determine the expectations importance of each customer in the project by the project manager as t his also marks one of the factors for successful running of project. [1,2] Along with leadership skills there is also a need of emotional competencies and as the project managers progress they need to enhance their leadership competencies particularly developing the emotional dimensions. [3] This paper also does not examine the working environment affecting the performance of project managers. This is important not only for determining the success of a project, but also in continual of the good performance of project managers. [4] The research done by CII CICE indicates that the critical factor to project success is the quality of a Project Manager. Managing construction projects is a complex undertaking requires many factors. The quality of Project Manger is one such factor. Project Manager needs to stress different attributes at different times over the life of a project to make the project successful. Many Project Managers are perceived to lack the requisite managerial skills so new strategies such as increased pre appointment training, mentor system, careful selection of potential project managers etc are suggested to improve the quality of an effective Project Manager. 2) Conflict its management: This journal article http://tinyurl.com/37skcfr presents a detailed analysis of conflict its management by disputants themselves or by third parties such as Project Managers, mediators etc. The paper first examines the causes, core processes effects of conflict subsequently probes into conflict escalation de-escalation, context conflict management. In the end the paper also concludes some suggestions for future research provides recommendations for practicing managers. The article highlights the issues by reviewing certain scholarly reviews of the conflict literature which have already been published. The major purpose of the article is to draw attention towards the inevitable unanticipated nature of conflict and how these can be managed by disputants or by third parties such as Project Managers who play an important role in conflict management. The article defines conflict as a process where one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. It then goes onto explain the causes of conflict like individual characteristics, inter-personal factors, communication, behavior, etc. It explains the effects of conflicts on individuals organization subsequently determines the concept of conflict escalation de-escalation. It then unfolds the conflict context which has been approached from 4 different perspectives: (i) A description of the conflict setting, (ii) A reference to the independent variables, (iii) The environment in which the conflict is embedded (iv) The structural level or paradigm of the conflict. The article then explores the role of disputants in managing conflict such as Perspective (establish co-operative goals, note the alternatives etc), descriptive ( agree to symbols of defeat, compromise, convert the opponent etc) the role of third parties such as Project manager tactics (adopting appropriate leadership styles, group-discussions, encouraging negotiations etc), mediation, arbitration, conciliation recapitulation. The article helps in deeper understanding of all the phases of conflict, its inevitable nature, its effects causes. It not only explains the conflict phases , its management but also gives research managerial suggestions for future references. The suggestions provided though are beneficial for the practicing managers but should have been more detailed provide with examples to help in clear understanding of the point. It is important to identify five modes of conflict resolution such as confronting, compromising, smoothing, forcing avoiding. [5] This article does not mention any cognitive analysis. Cognitive analysis approach( identifying conflict domain, generation of conflict cases, exercise of judgment, analysis of result cognitive feedback) identifies cognitive difference between the parties as the main source of conflict which needs to be taken care by a Project manager.[6] An awareness of the potential approaches to conflict resolution and the understanding of their consequ ences can provide project managers with a invaluable set of tools to create an optimal work environment. The article concludes that a conflict is self-generating inevitable in an organization. The conflict process is dynamic, self-perpetuating constantly changing: like effects become causes; original causes may disappear; new causes arise; the number of parties change etc. This makes conflict management a difficult target. Project Manager plays an important role in recognizing conflicts managing them as and when required. Conflict is prevalent cannot be recognized at all times so its management requires a lot of efforts. The challenge for organizational leaders and project managers is to try to maintain the right balance and intensity of conflict in project management. By utilizing project management principles, understanding the dynamics of conflict, and learning approaches to conflict resolution, managers will be able to establish an environment in which creativity and innovation is encouraged and project goals are accomplished. [7] 3) The Titanic sunk, so what? Project manager response to unexpected events. The journal article http://tinyurl.com/364k9rb studies the responses of Project manager to unexpected events during a project life cycle. This paper stresses on the point that unanticipated events are inevitable in a project the project success depends on the responses of the project manager to such events. This paper explores the gap between the practice success by defining three elements namely: Event, Response the perceived success. The article compares contrasts the successful unsuccessful responses to draw attention on successful practices. As responding to unexpected events is a fundamental function in project management, an analysis of 44 unexpected events faced by 22 experienced Project Managers in defense defense related organizations was conducted in the given study. The participants were asked to think of significant unforeseeable events during the project which took them by surprise or were unknown or unpredicted their responses were recorded to such events. The research was designed using a grid to unfold the differences between successful unsuccessful responses to unexpected events from the perspective of a project manager. The results found that some participants had difficulty in identifying unknown-unknowns ( circumstances, events outcomes that were not identified in the first place) from known-unknowns ( circumstances, events or outcomes that have been identified as possibly existing, but do not know whether they will take place or not). The ability to identify possible risks reflects the experience of the participants. The main purpose of the paper is to draw the importance of unexpected events during a project which many times are just neglected by Managers to study their responses in such events. These unexpected events threaten the viability of a project. The study carried on groups organizations looked at the behavior of individuals during crisis like situation. An Adapted Repertory Grid (RepGrid) method was used to explore the unexpected events their responses. The data was collected in three steps namely: discussion on each event to derive an overview of what happened in each event, response monitoring finally evaluation of the internal validity of data. The study revealed that successful responses were organic based on three pillars: A responsive functioning structure at organizational level, good interpersonal relationships at group level competent people at the individual level. The study gives an idea of responses to unexpected events their evaluation as success or failure. Certain studies suggest that conflict develops not only in environmental circumstances but in the styles used by individuals when confronted with a conflict. The manner in which a person responds to organizational decision and uncertainty will influence the responses of others and the individuals work experience. [8] But this has again beeen contradicted by concluding that a Project managers previous experience has a minimal impact on the projects performance whereas the size of the previous managed project does affect the managers performance.[9]. However some researchers found no relationship between project success project size. [10] The results conclude that the successful responses to unexpected events lie within the three pillars: Responses functioning structure, Good interpersonal relations Competent people. Simple, responsible functioning structures are highlighted by the study participants as fundamental pillars of success. The analysis suggests that there is a need to refrain from merely adopting a process based approach to predict all possible events. It should be understood that the combination of structure, people, relationship are more likely to enable a successful response to an unanticipated event. The result emphasizes to focus on behavioral aspects of project management further draws attention on successful unsuccessful responses of project managers to such events. 4) Understanding the role of politics in successful project management: This journal paper http://tinyurl.com/2va3ass links the ability of project manager other key players in an organization to understand the importance of organizational politics which is one of the major factors of conflict as a sign towards successful project management. Politics is most often regarded as damaging but common experiences acknowledge that politics often one of the prime moving forces within any organization for better or worse. The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention towards the role of politics in successful project management identifying ways in which Project managers can use politics in a positive effective manner. It focuses on the point that Project Management politics are inextricably linked. Successful managers are those who understand that their job consists of more than simply being technically managerially competent. Power politics is rarely addressed in project management but it needs to be understood that their presence is ubiquitous their impact is significant. The paper points to three modes of power: Authority, Status influence illustrates that these are the key problems faced by Project Manager in attempting to develop their projects in organizations. The paper explains the implications of project politics stresses that a Project Manager needs to acknowledge politics as a fact of organizational project life. It focuses on the fact that it is important to learn to cultiv ate appropriate political tactics as they decide whether it is healthy or unhealthy give characteristics of political behavior like underlying attitudes, techniques etc. Politics if not handled on time may lead to conflicts within the organization so a Project manager needs to acknowledge politics and manage it accordingly. The article suggests some measures to be adopted by Project manager such as the need to employ certain tactics such as conduct performance appraisals on their project team subordinates as it helps in sending a clear message throughout the members that the projects are valuable project contributions among team members will be remembered rewarded. The Project Manager needs to learn the art of influencing by developing a reputation as an expert, and also suggests a Project Manager to develop good negotiating skills recognize that conflict is a natural side effect of project management. These tactics as suggested can help Project managers in dealing with politics hence would prevent conflict within the team. This article gives a good understanding of politics which generally is neglected by Project managers. Organizational politics is one of the important factors responsible for conflicts in an organization but this factor many times is neglected. Conflict if avoided can lead to difficult situations. . Managers at all levels of an organization should be attentive to enhancing employee perceptions of organizational justice in order to encourage the use of more cooperative styles for organizational conflict management.[10] There needs to be more emphasis on project team relationship as it can be one of the causes of politics and hence can lead to conflicts. Unwillingness to cooperate is one of the major reasons for failed teams leading to conflicts Hence, successful project completion depends to a large extent on members being able to work together effectively.[4] This article helps to draw attention towards the importance of politics provides effective project implementation techniques w hich may help in avoiding conflicts arising from politics. But it does not provide any empirical data proving the theories mentioned. The paper concludes that politics and project management are interlinked a project cannot be run without understanding politics. Politics is not necessarily evil but depends on how it is used that decides its effect. Managers do not understand the importance of politics many times but they need to understand that politics is ubiquitous; that is it operates across organizations functional boundaries.. Successful Project Managers are aware that politics, if used judiciously can have an extraordinary positive impact on the implementation of their projects.. SUMMARY: The journals provide a clear understanding of project, project management, roles responsibilities of a project manager, conflicts unexpected events in an organization the ways in which a Project manager could successfully manage them. All the journals focus on one point which is that a successful Project Manager requires a sound project management practices for any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a Project Manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes knows to handle unanticipated situations in a project life-cycle. The research sponsored by the CII( Construction Industry Institute) in the first paper-Project Quality Project Manager highlights the importance of a quality Project Manager as one of the basic factors required for the success of a project. The paper specifies some suggestions to improve the Project manager effectiveness such as increased pre-appointment training, Establishing a mentor system, careful selection of potential Project Manager etc. The second journal article-Conflict its Management presents a broad analysis of conflict its management. This article stresses on the fact that conflict is inevitable in an organization can be handled by disputants themselves or by third parties such as Project Manager. Again this article stresses on the importance of the managerial qualities required in a Project Manager to handle conflict effectively. It provides suggestions for Project Managers to overcome conflict. These include: Project Manager should not always avoid conflict, should identify the issues carve them down to manageable set etc. Both the journal papers suggests that an effort needs to be made to identify develop key management skills that may be unique to the project management environment. The third journal -Project Managers response to unexpected events opines that projects can face unexpected events studies how Project Managers respond to such events. The article examines some events but found that human behavior issues predominantly led to failure while all other types of events could be managed either successfully or unsuccessfully. It identifies three pillars on which success response was dependent: Response functioning structure(high degree of freedom, rapid decision making implementation etc); good interpersonal relationship( Engagement with stakeholders, communication relationship between people involved) competent people( competence of leader team, behavior including self awareness ability to deal with stressful situations). The fourth journal paper- Understanding the role of politics in project management identifies organizational politics as one of the causes of conflict reveals that successful project management is linked to the ability of a Project Manager to understand its importance to make it work for project success. It states that project politics are interlinked it is up to what Project managers do depends on their ability to effectively manage not only the technical aspect of their job but also the behavioral side as well. It also focuses on the behavioral issues which need to be effectively handled by a Project Manger by understanding the dynamics of conflict process by learning to cultivate appropriate political tactics. It can be summarized that a project is an endeavor undertaken to meet specified goals objectives is usually constrained by time, scope budget. The discipline of planning, organizing managing resources to bring about the successful completion of such goals objectives during a project is known as Project management. A project manager is vital indispensable in any project. It is the Project manager who is accountable for accomplishing the objectives goals during a project life-cycle. The key project manger responsibilities include clear attainable project objectives, building the requisite environment, managing all the constraints of project, managing all unexpected events during a project such as conflicts etc. The quality of Project Manager is critical to achieving project success. Project Managers should emphasize different attributes at different stages of a project to be more effective. A project manager needs to understand that projects are inherently uncertain should be ready to manage them by understanding their importance make them work for project success. Proper skills in dealing with conflict can assist project managers and other organization members to handle and effectively resolve conflicts which can lead to a more productive organization as a whole. Using Project management principles and applying them gives the project manager the ability to establish success measures, incorporate quality principles, resolve conflicts and unexpected events, address future risk before becoming a problem, work within the scope of the project etc. The Project manager must have a combination of above average leadership human relations skills and administrative experience. Project performance is affected by the effective application of project management principles by a project manager. An effective Project manager should be capable of making decisions, communicate actions eliciting the commitment of team members. An effective Project Manager needs to diagnose conflict manage it by various methodologies such as improving communication, encourage joint responsibilities, create new alternatives, instill a co-operative, problem solving attitude between the conflicting groups. Successful project manager understand that project management skills if used judiciously can have an extra-ordinary impact on the successful implementation of their projects. Great successful organizations have always believed in idea generators executors for overall excellence. Project Manager is expected to have both qualities and the ability to handle all events during the course of a project. Effective instrumental leadership abilities initiatives have always lend a Midas touch to the organization. Since the aim of the study to be done is to analyze Project Managers roles and responsibilities and define attributes required in a Project Manager to prevent conflict during a project life cycle, these journals help in supporting the fact that Project Managers are one of the important factors required for project success. These journals define the various conflicts, its causes and explore the characteristics required in a Project manager to overcome unexpected events during a project. This would help in the further study of the current research and help in achieving the objectives of the research.